How housing prices are set

The Indian housing market is in continuous boom mode. However, one thing that still tends to haunt many buyers’ minds is the lack of clarity when it comes to the prices of homes. While homes by good developers are selling at a fast clip, many buyers still feel that the prices are set arbitrarily. Let’s explore how real estate developers arrive at the prices for their properties. For this, we first need to understand a concept and process called ‘price discovery’.

What is price discovery?

It is the process by which the market determines the value of a particular product. It applies to almost all products, including smart phones, costlier household items like air conditioners, refrigerators and television sets, and so on.

You have doubtlessly noticed that the prices of some of these items tend to fluctuate according to the demand for them, the state of the economy, time of year, and even the weather. Even gold items, where the price of the basic raw material is determined by its market value, also experience price hikes during the festive season. But if the economy is in doldrums and disposable income is low, even gold items will sell at a discount because of lower demand.

In the context of real estate, price discovery determines the prices at which properties reasonably sell. In India, the process of price discovery for residential real estate is complex, as it involves several factors.

1. Cost of land

One of the most important factors is the cost of land. Land is a finite resource, and its availability is limited. The cost of land can vary widely depending on its location, the availability of basic infrastructure there, and what kinds of developments the area has already seen. For all intents and purposes, there is no such thing as basic cost of land, while there may be certain basic benchmarks, the prices of different plots even in the same area can vary widely.

Developers do influence the cost of land through development activities. Announcing new projects can increase land demand in nearby areas, especially if the development enhances the area with amenities and infrastructure. Less directly, the demand from developers for land in a certain area tends to drive up the price quoted by the landowners.

More influential developers, such as those who build massive townships and industrial projects, can also influence zoning and land use changes. This increases land value by enabling more profitable developments for other developers. Large-scale developments can bring about broader economic growth, which attracts businesses and residents, thereby increasing demand and therefore land costs. In markets where some developers hold large land parcels, they control the supply, and this will also influence pricing. And, of course, government policies also play a key role. But whether they are responsible for the current land prices or not, developers must factor in the cost of this finite resource when setting the price for their properties.

2. Construction costs

Another important factor that influences the price of homes is construction costs. The amount of money a developer spends on construction materials, labour, and other expenses can vary widely depending on the city, location, nature of the project, and quality of the materials used.

Whether the project being developed falls into the luxury, mid-range, or affordable housing category also counts. The cost of relevant labour hinges on its ready availability in the area.

If the project’s location is remote and the developer breaking completely new ground there, construction labour needs to be brought in from far off and be accommodated. In the case of high-density development areas, labour tends to be more readily available.

3. Housing demand

The third factor that affects the price of housing is the demand for it. This can vary significantly depending on the location of the project and whether the project addresses the actual requirements of the target clientele. For example, a luxury development in an area largely defined by low-cost housing is unlikely to see much organic demand.

Also, demand will depend on the developer’s brand value and the amenities offered in the project. Even with good brand backing, the right location and appropriateness of the project, a developer must set the ticket sizes of his homes reasonably so as not to be ‘priced out of the market’ — meaning that prices must be in line with similar projects by other developers in the area.

What sells fast?

Given the complexity of these factors, it is not surprising that the process of price discovery in the Indian housing sector can often seem arbitrary and opaque. Developers must consider multiple factors to set the price for their properties.

One common strategy used by many — but no means all — developers is to set a base price for their properties but be open to negotiate on it with individual buyers. There is usually more scope for negotiation in the case of projects which are not seeing much sales volumes.

Finally, developers often provide discounts or incentives to buyers who purchase earlier in the project’s development cycle. This encourages buyers to commit to purchasing homes before construction is complete, helping developers to improve cash flows and reduce their financial risk.

It is also pertinent to note that the market tends to be self-correcting. If developers set excessively high prices, the demand for their properties will be lower than they expected. In fact, most buyers are looking for ready-to-move homes precisely because they’re not willing to wait.

If you’ve found a good home in the right location, in the right project by the right developer, and the price corresponds to your budget, it is safe to assume that the developer has done his homework and that ‘the price is right’.

The writer is Managing Director, Pharande Spaces.